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29 Zero-Waste Biorefineries for Circular Economy

along with industrial investment in this environment are extremely complex issues

[25]. Therefore, strategies need to be built to coordinate align bioeconomy’s global

infrastructure, industries, and supply, specific to the nation’s concern.

Countries like Malaysia and Brazil are known for renewable biomass abundance;

however, lack of enough integrated processing industries is of major concern

[26]. The United States and Canada have strong feedstock, chemical industries,

and highly developed fuel. However, developed nations like Germany depend on

feedstock import. Many countries already accepted and implemented the national

bioeconomy [26].

29.3.1

Malaysia

Malaysia in 2011 builds a national biomass strategy that makes it the number one

exporter of palm oil. Strategies like efficient harvesting, collection process, and prod-

uct transportation are formed to mobilize palm oil biomass. For the utilization of

biomass and energy purpose application, strategies were implemented by Biotech-

Corp organization [27].

29.3.2

Brazil

Brazil is the number one sugar producer and the nation of the arable land reservoir

in 2007 published a biotechnology development policy. Its concept was stoned by

the National Biotechnology Center and the competition Forum in biotechnology for

the application of available waste and resources for energy applications [28].

29.3.3

United States

The United States is the exporter of wheat, corn, and soy. Bioeconomic concern

leads to address climatic change and focus to end dependency on foreign oil for fuel

exchange. In 2007, to address bioenergy crops of the coming generation, degrada-

tion of biomass, and production of microbe-mediated biofuel, the three bioenergy

research centers (BRCs) have been formed [5, 29].

29.3.4

Canada

Being the exporter of plant-based oil, cereals, and wood, in 2009, to bring advance-

ment in Alberta’s bioindustry sector, biorefining conversions network (BCN) was

implemented by Alberta as part of the Alberta Innovates system. For improving feed-

stock logistics, reduction in GHG, biomass energy, biopolymers, and green fluids,

remediation of land, and abandonment services, Alberta Innovates was created in

May 2011 [29, 30].

29.3.5

Germany

Germany produces a substantial amount of biomass of up to 2.3 million ha which

covers 86% for energy and the rest of 16% for industrial use. Even being strong in